Complex Management: From Hierarchy to Complex Networks and Heterarchy

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48168/ccee012021-008

Keywords:

Complexity, non-linearity, life, democracy, trust

Abstract

This paper studies how management is possible understood under the scope of complexity theory, i.e. complexity science. Such management goes hand in hand with relation and an understanding of nature, not just of human affairs, which is the way in which management has been classical grasped along the history of the western world. Complexity management consists thus in distancing from hierarchic, pyramidal and centralized systems towards dynamics characterized by complex networks and heter­archy. The claim here is that complexity management does not know of control and, thereafter, it leads toward self-organization or also to trust. The two-axis that appear ad ground or also all leading threads for complexity management, namely complex net­works and heterarchy, entail that management at large must know about anthropology, epigraphy, ethnology and ethnography, micro-history and not just about the typical approaches that emerge from engineering.

References

Aime, F., Humphrey, S., Scott Derue, D., and Paul, J. B., (2014). “The riddle of heterarchy: power transitions in cross-functional teams”, en: The Academy of Manage¬ment Journal, April, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 327-352; doi: http://dx.doi.org/l0.5465/amj.2011.075

Alexandroff, P., (1961). Elementary Concepts of Topology. New York: Dover

Annushkina, O. E., Regazz, A., (2020). The Art of Go¬ing Global A Practical Guide to a Firm’s Internation¬al Growth. Palgrave Macmillan; doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21044-1

Baker, S., (2008). The Numerati. London: Jonathan Cape

Barabasi, A.-L., (2003). Linked. How Everything is Con¬nected to Everything Else and What It Means for Busi¬ness, Science, and Everyday Life. New York: Plume

Barabasi, A.L., (2011). Bursts. The Hidden Patterns Behind Everything We Do, from Your E-mail to Bloody Cru¬sades. New York: Plume

Barrat, A., Barthélemy, M., Vespignani, A., (2008). Dynam¬ical Processes on complex networks. Cambridge: Cam¬bridge University Press

Bonabeau, E., Dorigo, M., Theraulaz, G., (1999). Swarm Intelligence. From Natural to Artificial Systems. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press

Byers, A. M., (2011). Sacred Games, Death, and Renewal in the Ancient Eastern Woodlands: The Ohio Hopewell System of Cult Sodality Heterarchies. AltaMira Press

Cayón, L., (2020). “Disputas fraternas e chefia bicéfala: Hierarquia e heterarquia no Alto Rio Negro”, en: Rev. antropol. (São Paulo, Online), v. 63 n. 2: e151160; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/ 2179-0892.ra.2020.171366

Chandrashekar Smitha, K., (ed.), (2017). Entrepreneur¬ial Urbanism in India The Politics of Spatial Restruc¬turing and Local Contestation. Springer Verlag; doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-2236-4

Crumley, C. L., (2005). “Remember How to Organize: Het¬erarchy Across Disciplines”, en: Nonlinear Models for Archaeology and Anthropology: Continuing the Rev¬olution, edited by Christopher S. Beekman. Taylor & Francis Group

Cumming, G. S., (2016). “Heterarchies: Reconciling Net¬works and Hierarchies. Review”, en: Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Agosto, Vol. 31, No. 8, págs. 622-632; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.04.009

Fichera, M., (2020). “Solidarity, Heterarchy, and Political Morality”, en: Jus Cogens (2020) 2:301–311; doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42439-020-00019-w

Foccroulle, B., Legros, R., Todorov, T., (2005). El nacimiento del individuo en el arte. Buenos Aires: Ed. Nueva Visión

Gauthier, D., (1998). Egoísmo, moralidad y sociedad libe¬ral. Barcelona: Paidós

Goody, J., (2006). The Theft of History. Cambridge: Cam¬bridge University Press

Grahamm Flegg, H., (1974). From Geometry to Topology. New York:; Dover

Hüsken, Th., (2019). Tribal Politics in the Borderland of Egypt and Libya. Palgrave Macmillan

Izquierdo y de la Cueva, A. L., (2018). “Heterarquía y uni¬dades corporativas. Instituciones del gobierno interno maya”, en: Estudios de cultura maya LI, págs. 11-42; doi: 10.19130/iifl.ecm.2018.51.855

Kauffman, S., (2016). Humanity in a Creative Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Kurnick, S., and Baron, J., (2016). Political Strategies in Pre-Columbian Meso-America, Ed. S., Boulder, Univer¬sity Press of Colorado

Langebaek, C., (2019). Los Muiscas. La historia milenaria de un pueblo chibcha. Bogotá: Debate

Lasa López, A., (2018). “Potencialidades del pilar europeo de derechos sociales en la praxis jurisprudencial del juez de Estrasburgo: entre la heterarquía vínculo so¬cial-vínculo económico y la disfuncionalidad”, en: Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, núm. 42, 2018, pp. 609-631

Lévèque, P., (Dir.)., (2012). Las primeras civilizaciones. De los despotismos orientales a la ciudad griega. Madrid: Akal

Luhmann, N., (1996). Confianza. Barcelona: Anthropos

Macpherson, C. B., (2005). La teoría política del individua¬lismo posesivo. Madrid: Trotta

Maldonado, C. E., (2021). “Las organizaciones inteligen¬tes son organizaciones que saben de complejidad”, en: Revista Ciencias de la Complejidad, No. págs. 81-92, doi: https://10.48168/cc012021-008

Maldonado, C. E., (2020a). Occidente, la civilización que nació enferma. Bogotá: Desde Abajo

Maldonado, C. E., (2020b) “Ciencias sociales irregula¬res”, en: Cinta de moebio 68: 146-155; doi: https:// doi.org/10.4067/S0717-554X2020000200146; disponible en: file:///C:/Users/cemca/Downloa ds/58586-193-199852-1-10-20200914.pdf

Maldonado, C. E., Gómez-Cruz, N.-, (2012). (2012f) “The Complexification of Engineering”, en: Complexity, Vol. 17, Issue 4 (March-April), pp. 8-15; http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com; doi: http/10.1002/cplx.v17.4/issuetoc

Maldonado, C. E., Gómez-Cruz, N., (2011). “Biological Computation: A Road to Complex Engineered Sys¬tems”; capítulo de libro, en: Sayama, H., Minai, A., A., Braha, D., and Bar-Yam, Y., (Eds.), Unifying Themes in Complex Systems. Volume VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Complex Systems. New England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity, págs. 918-927, NECSI Knowledge Press, ISBN 978-0-9656328-4-3 http://necsi.edu/events/ iccs2011/proceedings.html

Mandelbrot, B., (1997). La geometría fractal de la natura¬leza. Barcelona: Tusquets

Mezza-García, N., Maldonado, C. E., (2015). “Crítica al control jerárquico de los regímenes políticos: compleji¬dad y topología”, en: Desafíos, (27-1), págs. 121-158, ISSN 0124-4035; ISSNE 2145-5112; doi: https://doi. org/10.12804/desafios27.01.2015.04

Nicolis, G., Nicolis, C., (2007). Foundations of Complex Systems. Nonlinear Dynamics. Statistical Physics, In¬formation and Prediction. World Scientific

Nicolis, G., Prigogine, I., (1994). La estructura de lo com¬plejo. En el camino hacia una nueva comprensión de las ciencias. Madrid: Alianza

Ostrom, E., (1995). Governing the Commons. The Evo¬lution of Institutions for Cllective Action. Cambeidge: Cambridge University Press

Pini-Fitzsimmons, J., Knott, N. A., and Brown, C., (2021). “Heterarchy Reveals Social Organization of a Smooth Stingray (Bathytoshia brevicaudata) Population in a Provisioned Food Context”, en: Frontiers in Marine Science, abril, vol 8, article 641761; doi: https://doi. org/10.3389/fmars.2021.641761

Roberts, S., (2007). King of Infinite Space. Donald Coxeter, The Man Who Saved Geometry. London: Profile Books

Schoelhammer, S., (2020). Innovation Exposed. Case Studies of Strategy, Organization and Culture in Heterarchies. Springer Verlag; doi: https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-658-29335-2

Sheldrake, R., (2012). The presence of the past. Morphic resonance and memory of nature. Rochester-Toronto: Park Street Press

Snowden, E., (2019). Vigilancia permanente. Bogotá: Pla¬neta

Strogatz, S., (2003). Sync. How Order Emerges from Cha¬os in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life. New York: Theia

Ugalde, M. F., y Landázuri Narváez, C., (2016). “Socie¬dades heterárquicas en el Ecuador preincaico: estu¬dio diacrónico de la organización política caranqui”, en: Revista española de antropología americana, vol. 46, págs. 197-218; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/ REAA.58294

Watts, D. J., (2003). Six Degrees. The Science of a Con¬nected Age. New York-London: W. W. Norton & Com¬pany

Wynnycky, M., (2020). “Unravelling the Ukrainian Revolu¬tion: “Dignity,” “Fairness,” “Heterarchy,” and the Chal¬lenge to Modernity”, en: Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Jour¬nal 7, págs. 123-140

Published

2021-11-30

How to Cite

Maldonado Portilla, C. E. (2021). Complex Management: From Hierarchy to Complex Networks and Heterarchy. Journal Sciences of Complexity, 2(Edición Especial), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.48168/ccee012021-008